What ions and substances contribute to the osmolarity gradient in the inner medulla in mammals?

What ions and substances contribute to the osmolarity gradient in the inner medulla in mammals?
  1. Glucose and amino acids
  2. Nitrogenous wastes
  3. NaCl and urea
  4. Hydrogen ions and ammonia

Solution

The gradient of increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, which is mainly caused by NaCl and urea.

Asked in: NCERT

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