What are the four basic processes that cause fluctuations in population density?

What are the four basic processes that cause fluctuations in population density?
  1. Natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration
  2. Food availability, predation pressure, adverse weather, and ultimate reasons
  3. Static size, habitat, given period, and population density
  4. Initial density, number of births, number of deaths, and number of individuals

Solution

The population has four basic processes that cause fluctuations in population density that are Natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration.

Asked in: NCERT

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