The reaction of aryl halide with sodium metal in dry ether to give biphenyl is known as

The reaction of aryl halides with sodium metal in dry ether to form biphenyl constitutes the Fittig reaction. This transformation produces biaryl compounds through the general reaction $\mathrm{Ar-X + 2Na + X-Ar \rightarrow Ar-Ar + 2NaX}$.

The Swartz reaction employs metallic fluorides to synthesize alkyl fluorides and does not involve aryl halides or biphenyl formation. The Wurtz reaction couples two alkyl halides to form alkanes: $\mathrm{R-X + 2Na + X-R \rightarrow R-R + 2NaX}$.

Although the Wurtz-Fittig reaction involves aryl halides, it requires an alkyl halide co-reactant and produces alkylarenes rather than biaryls.

Since the transformation specifically couples two aryl halide molecules to form a biaryl compound, it corresponds exclusively to the Fittig reaction.